To optimize tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) plant tissue culture condition, the effect of 13 different hormonal combinations and two explants of cotyledon and hypocotyl on the regeneration rate of three Newton, Infinity and Defines cultivars were investigated. Experiments were conducted in a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The highest shoot number (11.9 shoots per explant) was obtained for Defines cultivar on MS medium containing the hormones of TDZ=0.68, NAA=0.1milligrams per liter and cotyledon explant. Plant defense responses against environmental factors are one of the inhibitor factors of explants regeneration in plant tissue culture. Calcium ion signaling is one of the primary events and, of course, the most important event in plant defense response against pathogens, Therefore, the effect of verapamil as a calcium channel blocker was investigated on the plant defense response. For this purpose, inoculation was performed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 and based on optimized tissue culture condition. The effect of verapamil in four concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 milligrams per liter was investigated in a co-culture medium. Results showed that the use of verapamil in comparison with the control sample reduced the plant defense response. Also, the use of 50 milligrams per liter of verapamil increased the amount of regeneration

Background: The study tries to compare the effect of carbohydrate and protein supplements intake during exercising on the hormonal response to a resistance exercise session.Materials and Methods: The subjects of the study were 20 young men who divided into two 10-member groups. During a resistance exercise session, they received drinks containing carbohydrate (CHO group) and or protein (PRO group). The blood samples were collected before and after exercise and their cortisol and insulin contents were measured.Results: The results showed that while PRO group experienced a 17.23-unit increase in its cortisol content, it was only 0.71 units in the CHO group. Insulin response in CHO group (8.12) was significantly more than that in PRO group (4.69) (p=0.01).Conclusion: The results indicate that compared to protein supplements, using carbohydrate supplements during exercising enables the human body to achieve a better hormonal environment after the exercise.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease prevention in pediatrics is important. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationships and response of incremental exercise on inflammatory, immune and hormonal markers in pediatricsMaterials & methods: Thirty healthy non-active pediatrics boys with the age range of 9-11 years old participated voluntarily in this study, and were randomly divided into control (C; n=11) and exercise group (E; n=11). Blood and salivary samples were collected in the two stages: prior to GXT (Graded exercise test) exercise test and immediately after graded exercise test. ELISA method was used for measurement of salivary immunoglobulin A, C-reaction protein, cortisol and fibrinogen serum levels. The research data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, Multiple Linear Regression, independent and paired t testFindings: CRP (p=0.043), fibrinogen (p=0.039) cortisol serum (p=0.001) and S-IgA (p=0.021), concentrations were significant increased immediately after the exercise in the exercise group. A significant relationship was observed between CRP and fibrinogen (r=0. 525, p=0.048), CRP and S-IgA (r=0. 621, p=0.022), CRP and cortisol serum (r=0.712, p=0.012), fibrinogen and S-IgA (r=0.638, p=0. 028), cortisol and fibrinogen serum (r=0.562, p=0.038), also cortisol and S-IgA (r=0.734, p=0.003) in the exercise group.Discussion & Conclusions: Incremental exercise not only significantly increases inflammatory immune-saliva and stress hormonal markers in non-active pediatrics, but also cardiovascular risk factors in this paediatrics. Rather reveals the close relationships between these indicators that can be effective in predicting cardiovascular risk factors in paediatrics.

Background & objectives: Mostly, strengthening the immune system is possible by consumption of body energy through physical activity that prevents persons from sicknesses due to sedentary life in the years following childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of inflammatory, immune and hormonal markers to incremental exercise in the healthy girls.Methods: This quasi- experimental study was performed in the spring of 2014. Twenty eight 10-12 years old healthy female children from Urmia province of Iran were selected by cluster sampling method. They were divided randomly into two groups; experimental and control. Brachial vein blood samples were collected by the nurse in the two stages; before and immediately after a session of Graded exercise test. ELISA method was used for measurement of immunoglobulin (I, G, M), cortisol, creatine- kinase, and C-reactive protein and fibrinogen serum levels. The data were analyzed using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient test, multiple linear regression, independent and paired t-test on SPSS (v.21).Results: Immediately after exercise, IgA (p=0.012), IgG (p=0.028), IgM (p=0.027), creatine ki-nase (p=0.039), fibrinogen (p=0.011) and CRP concentrations (p=0.048) were decreased significantly but cortisol level (p=0.001) was increased in the experimental group. A positive relationship was observed between inflammatory (creatine-kinase, CRP and fibrinogen) and immune (immunoglobulin I, G and M) markers (p=0.05) after exercise. There was a negative relationship between immune (immunoglobulin I, G and M) and hormonal (cortisol) markers (p=0.05) and also between inflammatory (creatine-kinase, CRP and fibrinogen) and hormonal (cortisol) markers (p=0.05).Conclusions: With regard to changing in inflammatory and hormonal markers in response to intensive exercise, girls’ immune system is weakened. Also results of this study is so important in the pathology of Immune system, muscular damage and inflammation for cutting intensive exercise training programs and codifying suitable training programs such as moderate intensity exercise for children.

BACKGROUND: The use of feed withdrawal method for molt induction can cause physiological stress and negatively affect the immunological response of hens. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to survey of hormonal changes and immunological response in hens fed alfalfa molt diet during the molt period. METHODS: In this experiment 108 Hy-line (W36) laying hens aged 74 weeks in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 6 replicates were used. The treatments used for 12 days molt period included: 1-control group fed with layer ration (FF), 2-feed withdrawal group (FW), 3-group fed with 90% alfalfa and 10% layer ration (A90). Performance of birds was monitored for 12 weeks after the end of the molting period. RESULTS: Total circulating leukocytes were generally lower in FW hens group compared with the other groups during the initial stage of molt (p<0. 05). On day 3 and 6 of molt, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was increased in molted hens and FW hens had higher levels than other groups. On day 3 of molt, plasma corticosterone was generally increased in molted hens and FW hens had a higher level than A90 hens (p<0. 05). Plasma T3 was significantly decreased in molted hens than nonmolted hens during the molt period (p<0. 05). Plasma T4 was significantly increased in molted hens than nonmolted hens during the molt period (p<0. 05). On day 6 and 9 of molt, concentrations of T4 were higher in FW hens than in the A90 hens (p<0. 05). Date of reentry and days return to 50% and 80% egg production were significantly lower in A90 groups than in the FW groups (p<0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that, A90 diet can limit physiological stress and improve the performance of immunological response that accompanies feed withdrawal method during an induced molt.